昆明地区116例小儿尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 了解昆明地区近5年小儿尿路感染常见病原菌分布及其耐药情况.方法 对2003年1月 - 2007年12月收治的116例尿培养阳性患儿病原菌构成比及耐药性进行分析总结.结果 116株细菌中,革兰阴性杆菌占81.89%(95株),革兰阳性球菌占18.11%(21株).前三位致病菌分别为大肠埃希菌67.24%、屎肠球菌12.93%、肺炎克雷伯菌8.62%.产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)情况:大肠埃希菌产酶49株,产酶率62.82%,肺炎克雷伯氏菌产酶4株,产酶率40%.大肠埃希菌对抗生素的敏感性依次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶;对头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松耐药性均在90%以上;对氨苄西林、哌拉西林100%耐药.屎肠球菌对青霉素、红霉素100%耐药,对万古霉素100%敏感.大肠埃希菌产ESBLs株较非产ESBLs株对大部分抗菌药的耐药性明显增高.亚胺培南对革兰阴性杆菌100%敏感,呋喃妥因敏感性在90%以上.结论 昆明地区小儿尿路感染病原菌以大肠杆菌为主,大肠杆菌耐药性明显.治疗前的尿培养值得临床重视.     

儿童重症监护病房获得性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 回顾性分析儿童重症监护病房(PICU)获得性肺炎(HAP)病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 采用VITEK-32微生物全自动鉴定系统鉴定细菌到种,以纸片扩散法进行药敏试验.结果 共诊断HAP 147例,分离出病原菌274株,革兰阴性(G-)杆菌占78.47%,真菌占12.04%,革兰阳性(G+)球菌占9.49%.鲍曼不动杆菌居首位,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率分别为57.69%和59.18%.耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率为72.73%.药敏结果显示,G-杆菌均存在不同程度耐药,其中鲍曼不动杆菌和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率分别高达74.29%和100%;G+球菌对青霉素类耐药率达81.82%以上;真菌普遍敏感.结论 HAP优势病原菌为G-杆菌.各类细菌对常用抗菌药物表现为严重耐药和多重耐药.不同病原菌对抗生素的敏感性和耐药性差异较大,临床应依据细菌病原学及耐药性资料,合理选择抗菌药物.     

2012—2013年北京市流感样病例监测与流感病原学监测结果的相关性分析

目的通过分析2012—2013年北京市流感流行季（2012年9月--2013年4月）流感样病例监测与流感病原学监测结果的相关性,评价北京市一级以上医疗机构和二级以上医疗机构流感样病例监测工作的适用性和有效性。方法分析北京市421家一级以上医疗机构和144家二级以上医疗机构的流感样病例监测数据,按周次分别与北京市14家医疗机构开展的流感病原学监测数据进行相关性分析和回归检验。结果一级以上和二级以上医疗机构门急诊流感样病例百分比（ILI％）与流感病毒病原学监测中病毒分离阳性率成正相关（一级医院r=0．794,P〈0．001;二级医院r=0．787,P〈0．001）。一级以上和二级以上医疗机构ILI％与流感病毒分离阳性率的回归确定系数r2分别为0．630（P〈0．001）和0．620（P〈0．001）。结论一级以上和二级以上医疗机构流感样病例中归因为流感病毒感染的比例基本一致,从成本效益分析角度考虑,北京市利用144家二级以上医疗机构开展流感样病例监测已经可以满足对疾病监测的需要,比扩展到421家一级以上医疗机构具有更好的成本效益比。     

牙周致病菌免疫逃逸机制的研究进展

牙周致病菌可引起牙周组织慢性炎症,由其引发的宿主过度的免疫炎症反应会进一步加重牙周组织的损伤。本文就龈沟的天然免疫防御机制,微生物对龈沟防御机制的敏感性,中性粒细胞和牙龈上皮细胞对牙周致病菌的免疫反应进行系统阐述,旨在表明真正的牙周致病菌因不能很好地激发或者抑制宿主的免疫反应,从而逃避宿主的免疫防御,导致牙周炎的发生,为牙周病的治疗和早期预防提供参考依据。     

Synovial fluid multiplex PCR is superior to culture for detection of low-virulent pathogens causing periprosthetic joint infection

Introduction

Analysis of joint aspirate is the standard preoperative investigation for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). We compared the diagnostic performance of culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of synovial fluid for diagnosis of PJI.

住院期间老年泌尿系统感染患者的病原菌分布及其耐药性特征分析

目的分析老年泌尿系统感染住院患者的病原菌分布特点和耐药情况,为老年性泌尿系统感染的诊疗提供参考依据。方法选取2018年1月-2018年12月期间在复旦大学附属华东医院接受治疗、年龄≥ 60岁、且尿培养阳性的住院患者465例,对泌尿系统感染病原体的分布特点和耐药性进行分析。结果 465例中段尿培养阳性的老年住院患者共检出531株菌株。最常见的革兰阳性菌为屎肠球菌(46株,42.20%)和粪肠球菌(41株,37.61%);最常见的革兰阴性菌为大肠埃希菌(136株,49.64%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(44株,16.06%);最常见的侵袭性真菌为白念珠菌(87株,58.78%)。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的比例分别为56.62%和56.82%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对多种药物的耐药率高于相应的非产SEBLs菌株。屎肠球菌对庆大霉素500和氨苄西林等药物的耐药率高于粪肠球菌。结论该院泌尿系统感染的老年住院患者分离的菌株分布主要以革兰阴性菌为主,其次是真菌和革兰阳性菌,与普通人群相比真菌感染率较高。同时这些病原体耐药率较高,临床应根据病原体分布特点及耐药性采取针对性治疗。     

Arabidopsis ARF-GTP exchange factor, GNOM, mediates transport required for innate immunity and focal accumulation of syntaxin PEN1

Penetration resistance to powdery mildew fungi, conferred by localized cell wall appositions (papillae), is one of the best-studied processes in plant innate immunity. The syntaxin PENETRATION (PEN)1 is required for timely appearance of papillae, which contain callose and extracellular membrane material, as well as PEN1 itself. Appearance of membrane material in papillae suggests secretion of exosomes. These are potentially derived from multivesicular bodies (MVBs), supported by our observation that ARA6-labeled organelles assemble at the fungal attack site. However, the trafficking components that mediate delivery of extracellular membrane material are unknown. Here, we show that the delivery is independent of PEN1 function. Instead, we find that application of brefeldin (BF)A blocks the papillary accumulation of GFP-PEN1-labeled extracellular membrane and callose, while impeding penetration resistance. We subsequently provide evidence indicating that the responsible BFA-sensitive ADP ribosylation factor-GTP exchange factor (ARF-GEF) is GNOM. Firstly, analysis of the transheterozygote gnom(B4049/emb30-1) (gnom(B)(/E)) mutant revealed a delay in papilla formation and reduced penetration resistance. Furthermore, a BFA-resistant version of GNOM restored the BFA-sensitive papillary accumulation of GFP-PEN1 and callose. Our data, therefore, provide a link between GNOM and disease resistance. We suggest that papilla formation requires rapid reorganization of material from the plasma membrane mediated by GNOM. The papilla material is subsequently presumed to be sorted into MVBs and directed to the site of fungal attack, rendering the epidermal plant cell inaccessible for the invading powdery mildew fungus.     

Current concepts in maternal–fetal immunology: Recognition and response to microbial pathogens by decidual stromal cells

Chorioamnionitis is an acute inflammation of the gestational (extraplacental) membranes, most commonly caused by ascending microbial infection. It is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes including preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, and cerebral palsy. The decidua is the outermost layer of the gestational membranes and is likely an important initial site of contact with microbes during ascending infection. However, little is known about how decidual stromal cells (DSCs) respond to microbial threat. Defining the contributions of individual cell types to the complex medley of inflammatory signals during chorioamnionitis could lead to improved interventions aimed at halting this disease. We review available published data supporting the role for DSCs in responding to microbial infection, with a special focus on their expression of pattern recognition receptors and evidence of their responsiveness to pathogen sensing. While DSCs likely play an important role in sensing and responding to infection during the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis, important knowledge gaps and areas for future research are highlighted.